In what diseases will you see elevated alpha fetoprotein?

Elevated alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) levels are commonly associated with several disease states, including hepatocellular carcinoma (liver cancer) and germ cell tumors, particularly testicular cancer. In addition to these cancers, AFP can also be elevated in individuals with chronic hepatitis C due to liver damage and regenerative changes in the liver.

In testicular cancer, especially non-seminomatous germ cell tumors, AFP may serve as a useful tumor marker to aid in diagnosis and monitoring treatment response. Similarly, in liver cancer, elevated AFP levels help in the diagnosis, monitoring, and prognostication of the disease.

The association of elevated AFP with chronic hepatitis C is important as well; while not a cancer itself, chronic hepatitis C leads to liver inflammation and often progresses to cirrhosis, which can increase AFP levels as part of the liver’s response to damage.

Because of these associations, the correct option includes all three conditions: testicular cancer, liver cancer, and chronic hepatitis C. This comprehensive view helps healthcare providers monitor and understand the implications of elevated AFP levels in various clinical scenarios.