What are the three hallmarks of asthma?

The three hallmarks of asthma are airflow obstruction, hyperreactivity, and inflammation.

Airflow obstruction occurs because of bronchoconstriction and the presence of excess mucus, which limits the airflow in and out of the lungs. This can lead to difficulty breathing, particularly during an asthma attack.

Hyperreactivity refers to the increased sensitivity of the airways to various stimuli, such as allergens, exercise, cold air, or smoke. This hyperreactivity can cause bronchospasm, contributing to the acute episodes characteristic of asthma.

Inflammation plays a crucial role in asthma as well. The airways in asthmatics are often inflamed and swollen, making them more susceptible to the aforementioned triggers. This chronic inflammation can lead to long-term changes in airway structure if not managed properly.

Understanding these three features helps in recognizing asthma and its potential severity, guiding appropriate treatment and management strategies. Other options do present symptoms associated with respiratory conditions, but they do not accurately encapsulate the fundamental characteristics of asthma itself.