What are two major risk factors for testicular cancer?

Cryptorchidism and previous testicular cancer are recognized as significant risk factors for developing testicular cancer. Cryptorchidism refers to a condition in which one or both of the testes fail to descend into the scrotum during fetal development or shortly after birth. This condition is associated with an increased risk of testicular cancer, particularly if it remains untreated. The risk is further heightened in individuals who have previously been diagnosed with testicular cancer; a history of this disease increases the likelihood of developing cancer in the other testicle as well.

In contrast, while other options present factors that may contribute to overall health risks or cancer risks, they do not specifically highlight the direct and strong associations seen in the research regarding testicular cancer. For instance, factors such as obesity and smoking may influence various cancers but are not directly linked to testicular cancer specifically. Understanding these key attributes helps in recognizing the unique risk factors pertinent to testicular cancer screening and preventative measures.