What describes an elevated wedge-shaped growth on the scleral conjunctiva?

An elevated wedge-shaped growth on the scleral conjunctiva is known as a pterygium. This condition typically begins as a raised, fleshy growth on the conjunctiva and may gradually extend onto the cornea in a wing-like shape, which correlates with the description provided in the question. Pterygia are often associated with chronic UV exposure and are more common in individuals who spend significant time outdoors in sunny climates.

A pinguecula, while it may also appear on the conjunctiva, is a small, yellowish bump that does not usually have the same prominent wedge shape and does not extend onto the cornea in the same way. A hordeolum, commonly known as a stye, is an infection of the sebaceous glands in the eyelid and presents as a painful, red swelling at the eyelid margin. A chalazion is a blockage of the Meibomian gland leading to a firm, non-tender lump in the eyelid, which is distinct from the growth described.

Thus, the characteristics of a pterygium—its elevated, wedge-shaped nature on the scleral conjunctiva—make it the correct choice in this scenario.