What is the most common cause of respiratory disease in preterm infants?

The most common cause of respiratory disease in preterm infants is hyaline membrane disease, also known as neonatal respiratory distress syndrome (NRDS). This condition primarily arises due to the immaturity of the lungs in preterm infants, leading to a deficiency of surfactant, a substance that helps keep the air sacs in the lungs from collapsing.

In preterm infants, particularly those born before 34 weeks of gestation, there is often an inadequate production of surfactant due to underdeveloped lungs. This lack of surfactant leads to atelectasis (collapse of alveoli) and impairs gas exchange, resulting in significant respiratory distress. The clinical presentation includes rapid breathing, grunting, nasal flaring, and retractions of the chest wall.

Other conditions listed may also contribute to respiratory issues in preterm infants, but they are not as prevalent as hyaline membrane disease. Meconium aspiration syndrome can occur, particularly in term or post-term infants who have passed meconium prior to or during delivery. Pneumonia can affect infants but is not typically the most common respiratory disease seen in the preterm population. Bronchopulmonary dysplasia is a serious complication that can develop following mechanical ventilation and oxygen therapy in pre