Which is a consequence of low estrogen in amenorrhea?

Low estrogen levels significantly impact various physiological processes in the body, particularly affecting bone health. One of the most critical consequences of low estrogen, especially in the context of amenorrhea, is the increased risk of osteoporosis. Estrogen plays a vital role in maintaining bone density by inhibiting bone resorption and promoting the activity of osteoblasts, the cells responsible for bone formation. When estrogen levels are low, the balance shifts towards bone resorption, leading to a loss of bone mass and an increased susceptibility to fractures.

This condition is particularly concerning for women who are experiencing amenorrhea, as the hormonal imbalance that leads to the absence of menstrual periods often results in reduced bone density over time. Addressing low estrogen levels is crucial in mitigating the risk of developing osteoporosis and subsequent complications associated with weakened bones.

In comparison, increased bone density, development of facial hair, and decreased risk of cardiovascular disease are not consequences of low estrogen. In fact, low estrogen is linked to lower bone density and an increased risk of cardiovascular issues due to its protective effects.